Welcome

Frontline policing: a new challenge – and learning opportunity – every day. 

Welcome to this edition of Learning the Lessons, looking at frontline policing, where officers interact with the public and deal with difficult and unexpected situations on a daily basis. These interactions present an invaluable opportunity for officers to build the public’s respect and trust, but there is also the risk of damaging that fragile relationship if things go wrong.

Officers face daily challenges, usually being the first on the scene when there is a crime, serious incident or crisis. They have to make snap decisions under pressure, in fast-changing and difficult conditions. The IOPC hears the stories of when police contact with the public hasn’t gone well, and we are here to help officers, staff and forces learn from when things go wrong. We also get to see examples of first-class police work, practices and officer bravery, and it is important to share these stories too.

In this issue you can find out about work to transform local policing and increase confidence, via the Neighbourhood Policing Guarantee, and research on what people really want from the police. Officer wellbeing is also featured, including important information on suicide prevention, mental health, and how we at the IOPC safeguard police witnesses and subjects in our investigations. 

Two of our articles address interacting with young people: how to prevent falling into the trap of ‘adultifying’ the young, and how overlooking neurodiversity can lead to unnecessary escalation.

We look at important practicalities, such as how the Met are reforming their first aid training. Officers from Warwickshire Police share their reflections on a case demonstrating the importance of body-worn video: captured footage showed them going above and beyond to try to save a driver in a fatal incident. 

We also provide ten case studies from real-life incidents that we have investigated or reviewed, involving issues such as use of force, equipment, and encounters with young people. These provide an opportunity for learning, discussion and reflection: what would you have done in the same situation? We include the actual outcome of the cases, any recommendations made and what forces did to prevent the same problems occurring again.

I thank everyone who has contributed to this edition of the magazine. 

Every interaction between police and the public offers an opportunity to build trust and confidence in policing. To that end, I hope you find this magazine interesting, thought-provoking and, above all, useful. 

Rachel Watson 

Director General, IOPC 

Table 26: Applications for a review received by the IOPC in 2024/25

 
Police forceIOPC reviews - not investigatedIOPC reviews - investigationTotal
N%N%N
Avon & Somerset4761303977
Bedfordshire1444185632
British Transport0031003
Cambridgeshire1452134827
Cheshire2265123534
City of London (with Action Fraud)1253754
Cleveland2502504
Cumbria3434577
Derbyshire2959204149
Devon & Cornwall4982111860
Dorset257492634
Durham2564143639
Dyfed-Powys136863219
Essex63545446117
Gloucestershire127542516
Greater Manchester131832717158
Gwent0071007
Hampshire4466233467
Hertfordshire1749185135
Humberside945115520
Kent1226357447
Lancashire2045245544
Leicestershire3176102441
Lincolnshire115884219
Merseyside635116517
Metropolitan4136423336646
Norfolk167073023
North Wales2162133834
North Yorkshire75075014
Northamptonshire85085016
Northumbria813568864
Nottinghamshire630147020
South Wales113763524148
South Yorkshire278741331
Staffordshire741105917
Suffolk1648175233
Surrey1248135225
Sussex0041004
Thames Valley46599463
Warwickshire3385638
West Mercia00000
West Midlands83693831121
West Yorkshire122783522157
Wiltshire1556124427
Total1,48161947392,428

*The IOPC counts any reviews relating to Action Fraud under City of London's figures.

Table 24: Applications for a review received by LPBs in 2024/25

 
Police forceLPB reviews - not investigatedLPB reviews - investigationTotal LPB reviews received
N%N%N
Avon & Somerset1369743140
Bedfordshire321000032
British Transport38971339
Cambridgeshire381000038
Cheshire1089911109
City of London (with Action Fraud)3100003
Cleveland68991169
Cumbria441000044
Derbyshire1069911107
Devon & Cornwall82991183
Dorset94982296
Durham261000026
Dyfed-Powys611000061
Essex113901210125
Gloucestershire491000049
Greater Manchester23110010232
Gwent43981244
Hampshire481000048
Hertfordshire651000065
Humberside921000092
Kent24310010244
Lancashire561000056
Leicestershire17010000170
Lincolnshire1269911127
Merseyside52953555
Metropolitan352894511397
Norfolk291000029
North Wales281000028
North Yorkshire297882237
Northamptonshire661000066
Northumbria79709177
Nottinghamshire1249486132
South Wales999733102
South Yorkshire571000057
Staffordshire11710000117
Suffolk251000025
Surrey1519921153
Sussex22110000221
Thames Valley472812172168
Warwickshire1648175233
West Mercia52981253
West Midlands1049911105
West Yorkshire25710000257
Wiltshire33923836
Total3,9389330974,247

Table 23: Actions on complaint cases handled under Schedule 3 in 2024/25

ActionNumber%
Organisational learning8131
Learning from reflection5,0095
Policy/procedure review280
Goodwill gesture280
Apology3,4934
Debrief of original incident2,8743
Explanation provided56,31762
Referral to RPRP1,4262
Unsatisfactory Performance Procedure (UPP)290
Misconduct proceedings2180
Other actions following a case to answer decision1390
Other actions (or action not recorded)1,3161
No further action19,61921
Total91,309100

Not all of the available actions arising from the complaint handling are shown. The actions presented in the table are those that focus on putting the issue right and preventing it from happening again.

Table 22: Actions on complaint cases handled outside of Schedule 3 in 2024/25

ActionNumber%
Organisational learning2720
Learning from reflection1,9913
Policy/procedure review590
Goodwill gesture1140
Apology6,5559
Debrief of original incident5451
Explanation provided45,37963
No further action8,07911
Other action (or action not recorded)8,98512
Total71,979100
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